In the 19th and 20th century, the mainstream science, after the discovery of the fact of biological evolution, became obsessed with applying the concept of evolution to human social groups. Evolution conceived of as a ladder of development, to their minds, became a master key to understanding all of the social and biological differences between various groups: rich and poor, races, men and women, respectable and criminal, etc. Everywhere one looked, there was a hierarchy of differences: uneven economic development between nations; differences in literacy and educational attainment between classes, and on and on. The conventional prejudice of white scientists was this: there is a natural hierarchy, with white men at the top, and a gradation of inferiority below the top superior group. "Rank-order" was the guiding principle of how scientists set out to explain the tree of life: there are higher and lower forms. Nature is not egalitarian, but has advanced -- thus superior -- li...
Translation of Freerk Huisken, Uni Bremen Criticism of Bremen's "brain research": Brain determines mind - errors, function and consequences 1 1. The results of Bremen's "brain research" a. The Bremen brain research – associated with the name of the brain researcher Gerhard Roth – takes its starting point from experiences that people constantly encounter in everyday life. Good arguments fail to convince or are not understood; you can explain a matter to children countless times, they still don't grasp it; or they think they have grasped it, but are mistaken. Crystal-clear justifications are not accepted in certain social contexts, even though they are irrefutable; or they are accepted but not acted upon. And time and again, people justify their actions perfectly well, put them into practice, and then find that the desired change in their situation does not occur. All these facts, which revolve around the connection between insight, understanding, learning...